# Time Dynamics of Efficiency Decline

## F1: Z → rd_efficiency (pre-2000)
- Dependent variable: `rd_efficiency`
- N = 85, Countries = 28, R² = 0.6133, ρ = 0.902

| Variable | Coefficient | Std Error | Sig |
|:---------|:------------|:----------|:----|
| Z_1 | -23.9235 | 10.3611 | ** |
| Z_2 | 4.0188 | 1.5472 | ** |
| Z_3 | -0.1772 | 0.0633 | *** |
| rgdp_growth | -0.0173 | 0.0110 |  |
| kaopen | 0.0902 | 0.0976 |  |
| log_gdp_pc | 1.1123 | 0.2565 | *** |

## F2: Z → rd_efficiency (post-2000)
- Dependent variable: `rd_efficiency`
- N = 608, Countries = 41, R² = 0.0631, ρ = 0.990

| Variable | Coefficient | Std Error | Sig |
|:---------|:------------|:----------|:----|
| Z_1 | 3.0180 | 3.9607 |  |
| Z_2 | -0.1742 | 0.5615 |  |
| Z_3 | 0.0004 | 0.0222 |  |
| rgdp_growth | 0.0056 | 0.0024 | ** |
| kaopen | -0.0059 | 0.0322 |  |
| log_gdp_pc | 0.0932 | 0.2170 |  |

## F3: Z → rd_efficiency (pre-2010)
- Dependent variable: `rd_efficiency`
- N = 354, Countries = 36, R² = 0.3760, ρ = 0.950

| Variable | Coefficient | Std Error | Sig |
|:---------|:------------|:----------|:----|
| Z_1 | -9.2369 | 5.4204 | * |
| Z_2 | 1.5884 | 0.7995 | ** |
| Z_3 | -0.0704 | 0.0324 | ** |
| rgdp_growth | 0.0016 | 0.0041 |  |
| kaopen | 0.0195 | 0.0470 |  |
| log_gdp_pc | 0.6026 | 0.1953 | *** |

## F4: Z → rd_efficiency (post-2010)
- Dependent variable: `rd_efficiency`
- N = 339, Countries = 40, R² = -0.0310, ρ = 0.990

| Variable | Coefficient | Std Error | Sig |
|:---------|:------------|:----------|:----|
| Z_1 | 6.8175 | 4.2384 |  |
| Z_2 | -0.7303 | 0.5996 |  |
| Z_3 | 0.0225 | 0.0236 |  |
| rgdp_growth | 0.0053 | 0.0031 | * |
| kaopen | -0.0251 | 0.0400 |  |
| log_gdp_pc | 0.0497 | 0.2783 |  |

## F5: Z → patents_pm (pre-2000)
- Dependent variable: `patents_per_million`
- N = 286, Countries = 44, R² = 0.3245, ρ = 0.972

| Variable | Coefficient | Std Error | Sig |
|:---------|:------------|:----------|:----|
| Z_1 | -5848.7949 | 2601.6686 | ** |
| Z_2 | 983.6555 | 419.6239 | ** |
| Z_3 | -42.7297 | 18.1808 | ** |
| rgdp_growth | -4.7348 | 2.1884 | ** |
| kaopen | -0.7682 | 23.0684 |  |
| log_gdp_pc | 217.1113 | 117.1871 | * |

## F6: Z → patents_pm (post-2000)
- Dependent variable: `patents_per_million`
- N = 877, Countries = 55, R² = 0.1513, ρ = 0.990

| Variable | Coefficient | Std Error | Sig |
|:---------|:------------|:----------|:----|
| Z_1 | -1384.7983 | 1261.0127 |  |
| Z_2 | 223.4048 | 178.1606 |  |
| Z_3 | -8.5141 | 7.0268 |  |
| rgdp_growth | 0.3210 | 0.7663 |  |
| kaopen | 3.2205 | 10.5235 |  |
| log_gdp_pc | -26.3700 | 77.7966 |  |

## F7: Z + Z1×post2000 → rd_efficiency
- Dependent variable: `rd_efficiency`
- N = 693, Countries = 41, R² = 0.0984, ρ = 0.990

| Variable | Coefficient | Std Error | Sig |
|:---------|:------------|:----------|:----|
| Z_1 | -0.5979 | 3.8078 |  |
| Z_2 | 0.2888 | 0.5423 |  |
| Z_3 | -0.0165 | 0.0215 |  |
| post2000 | 0.0519 | 0.0615 |  |
| Z1_x_post2000 | 0.0043 | 0.0509 |  |
| rgdp_growth | 0.0042 | 0.0024 | * |
| kaopen | -0.0024 | 0.0315 |  |
| log_gdp_pc | 0.1561 | 0.2141 |  |

## F8: Z + Z1×post2010 → rd_efficiency
- Dependent variable: `rd_efficiency`
- N = 693, Countries = 41, R² = 0.1014, ρ = 0.990

| Variable | Coefficient | Std Error | Sig |
|:---------|:------------|:----------|:----|
| Z_1 | -0.2332 | 3.8028 |  |
| Z_2 | 0.2334 | 0.5426 |  |
| Z_3 | -0.0140 | 0.0216 |  |
| post2010 | -0.0214 | 0.0586 |  |
| Z1_x_post2010 | -0.0399 | 0.0448 |  |
| rgdp_growth | 0.0046 | 0.0025 | * |
| kaopen | -0.0012 | 0.0315 |  |
| log_gdp_pc | 0.1496 | 0.2160 |  |
